unit-test-service-layer — Claude Code skill: Mockito service tests

---
name: unit-test-service-layer
description: Provides patterns for unit testing service layer with Mockito. Creates isolated tests that mock repository calls, verify method invocations, test exception scenarios, and stub external API responses. Use when testing service behaviors and business logic without database or external services.
allowed-tools: Read, Write, Bash, Glob, Grep
---

# Unit Testing Service Layer with Mockito

## Overview

Provides patterns for unit testing `@Service` classes using Mockito. Mocks repository calls, verifies method invocations, tests exception scenarios, and stubs external API responses. Enables fast, isolated tests without Spring container or database.

## When to Use

- Testing business logic in `@Service` classes
- Mocking repository and external client dependencies
- Verifying service interactions with mocked collaborators
- Testing error handling and edge cases in services
- Writing fast, isolated unit tests (no database, no API calls)

## Instructions

Follow this workflow to test service layer with Mockito, including validation checkpoints:

### 1. Setup Test Class

Use `@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)` to enable Mockito annotations.

### 2. Declare Mocks with `@Mock` and `@InjectMocks`

Use `@Mock` for dependencies (repositories, clients) and `@InjectMocks` for the service under test.

### 3. Arrange-Act-Assert with Validation

**Arrange**: Create test data and configure mock return values using `when().thenReturn()`.

**Act**: Execute the service method being tested.

**Assert**:
- Verify returned values with AssertJ assertions
- Verify mock interactions with `verify()`
- **Validation checkpoint**: Run test and confirm green bar

### 4. Test Exception Scenarios

Configure mocks to throw exceptions with `when().thenThrow()`.

**Validation checkpoint**: Verify exception type and message

### 5. Verify Complete Coverage

- Run full test suite: `mvn test` or `gradle test`
- Check coverage report: `mvn test jacoco:report`
- **Validation checkpoint**: Confirm all service methods have corresponding tests

## Examples

### Basic Service Test Pattern

```java
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class UserServiceTest {

  @Mock
  private UserRepository userRepository;

  @InjectMocks
  private UserService userService;

  @Test
  void shouldReturnUserWhenFound() {
    // Arrange
    User expected = new User(1L, "Alice");
    when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.of(expected));

    // Act
    User result = userService.getUser(1L);

    // Assert
    assertThat(result.getName()).isEqualTo("Alice");
    verify(userRepository).findById(1L);
  }

  @Test
  void shouldThrowWhenUserNotFound() {
    // Arrange
    when(userRepository.findById(999L)).thenReturn(Optional.empty());

    // Act & Assert
    assertThatThrownBy(() -> userService.getUser(999L))
      .isInstanceOf(UserNotFoundException.class);
  }
}
```

### Verify Method Invocations

```java
@Test
void shouldSendEmailOnUserCreation() {
  User newUser = new User(1L, "Alice", "[email protected]");
  when(userRepository.save(any(User.class))).thenReturn(newUser);

  enrichmentService.registerNewUser("Alice", "[email protected]");

  verify(userRepository).save(any(User.class));
  verify(emailService).sendWelcomeEmail("[email protected]");
}
```

For additional patterns (multiple dependencies, argument captors, async services, InOrder verification), see `references/examples.md`.

## Best Practices

- **Use `@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)`** for JUnit 5 integration
- **Mock only direct dependencies** of the service under test
- **Verify interactions** to ensure correct collaboration
- **Test one behavior per test method** - keep tests focused
- **Use descriptive variable names**: `expectedUser`, `actualUser`, `captor`
- **Create real instances** for value objects and DTOs (don't mock them)

## Constraints and Warnings

- Do not mock value objects or DTOs; create real instances with test data.
- Avoid mocking too many dependencies; consider refactoring if a service has too many collaborators.
- Tests must be independent; do not rely on execution order.
- Be cautious with `@Spy`; partial mocking is harder to understand and maintain.
- Do not test private methods directly; test them through public method behavior.
- Argument matchers (`any()`, `eq()`) cannot be mixed with actual values in the same stub.
- Avoid over-verifying; verify only interactions important to the test scenario.

## References

- [Mockito Documentation](https://javadoc.io/doc/org.mockito/mockito-core/latest/org/mockito/Mockito.html)
- [JUnit 5 User Guide](https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/)
- [AssertJ Assertions](https://assertj.github.io/assertj-core-features-highlight.html)